Patrick Rael (Professor of History at Bowdoin College) is a specialist in African-American history (1995 Ph.D. in American History, University of California, Berkeley), and the author of numerous essays and books, including Black Identity and Black Protest in the Antebellum North (North Carolina, 2002), which earned Honorable Mention for the Frederick Douglass Prize from the Gilder Lerhman Center for the Study of Slavery, Resistance, and Abolition. He is also the editor of African-American Activism before the Civil War: The Freedom Struggle in the Antebellum North (Routledge, 2008), and co-editor of Pamphlets of Protest: An Anthology of Early African-American Protest Literature (Routledge, 2001). His most recent book, Eighty-Eight Years: The Long Death of Slavery in the United States, 1777-1865 (University of Georgia Press, forthcoming Summer 2015), explores the Atlantic history of slavery to understand the exceptionally long period of time it took to end chattel bondage in America.