This is a comprehensive, concise, well-written history of the roles played by African American men and women in the U.S. military during the Second World War.

During the war, the role of African Americans in a segregated U.S. Army expanded considerably. Besides quartermaster and service units, African Americans served honorably as infantrymen, combat engineers, artillerists, and tankers in a number of tank destroyer and tank battalions in Europe. Also, for the first time, African Americans were given the opportunities to serve in the U.S. Army Air Corps (later United States Army Air Force = USAAF) as fighter pilots first with the 99th Fighter Squadron and later with the 332nd Fighter Group, establishing a fine combat record in Europe. Furthermore, African American soldiers also served in Asia and the Pacific.

The book also highlights the roles performed by African Americans in the U.S. Navy, U.S. Marine Corps, the Coast Guard, and the U.S. Merchant Marine.

Anyone interested in learning about a still largely unheralded saga in U.S. history will gain much knowledge from reading this book.

A few days ago, Chris provided an update on the Essentials History list. In it, she noted gaps in a few subject areas, namely about the histories of non-Christian religions, South America, Australia, and particularly Africa. I thought I'd fill in the gaps, albeit with a caveat: as I haven't read as deeply into these areas myself I'm going to have to violate my rule of suggesting only books that I've read and propose titles recommended by others. Because of this, feedback by anyone who has read those books would be appreciated.

Africa

1. A History of Africa by J. D. Fage. When I sought to fill in the gaps in my knowledge of world history I searched out a book that would provide a good, solid overview of African history. Fage's book proved the best in providing the solid, balanced survey that I could use as a starting point for exploring African history in greater detail.

2. The Penguin Atlas of African History by Colin McEvedy. This is one that I haven't read, but which comes highly recommended -- and I always recommend having a good historical atlas when studying the history of a region with which you're unfamiliar!

3.  Precolonial Black Africa by Cheikh Anta Diop. Though dated, this is a book that provides a nice focus on the Africa before it was defined and redefined by the West.

4. Africa and Africans in the Making of the Atlantic World, 1400-1800 by John Thornton. This is one of the essentials when it comes to studying African history, as well as the impact Africans have had on the wider world.

5. A Fistful of Shells: West Africa from the Rise of the Slave Trade to the Age of Revolution by Toby Green. If this one looks familiar, it's because I was fortunate enough to feature the book in a podcast a few months ago. Green does a fantastic job of taking often limited materials (the bane of any study of African history) and using them to explain a region in transition. Highly recommended.

6. Frontiers: The Epic of South Africa's Creation and the Tragedy of the Xhosa People by Noel Mostert. So much of the history of Africa in the 19th century is the story of conquest. Mostert's book is one of the best, both for his focus on one region and his description of its impact upon a specific group of Africans.

7. The Scramble for Africa: White Man's Conquest of the Dark Continent form 1876 to 1912 by Thomas Pakenham. This is arguably more of a European history book as it is an African one, but for a narrative of the "scramble" it can't be surpassed.

8. Defeating Mau Mau, Creating Kenya: Counterinsurgency, Civil War, and Decolonization by Daniel Branch. The decolonization of Africa is a subject that is only now receiving its due from historians. Branch's book is one of the best, as he shows how the process of decolonization cast as dark a shadow over the independent countries as did the colonial era.

9. Anatomy of a Miracle: The End of Apartheid and the Birth of the New South Africa by Patti Waldmeir. This is a book that straddles the boundary between journalism and history to describe how the apartheid regime ended in South Africa. As an account of it it is unlikely to be bettered.

South America

1. A History of Latin America, c. 1450-present by Peter Bakewell. This is more broadly about Latin American history than South America specifically, but it's a very capable survey of the region.

2. The Conquest of the Incas by John Hemming. William Hickling Prescott's History of the Conquest of Peru is the classic account and the more entertaining one, but Hemming's book is by far the better of the two for understanding the event that toppled the dominant empire in South America at the time of the Spaniards' arrival.

3. The World of Túpac Amaru: Conflict, Community, and Identity in Colonial Peru by Ward Stavig. In this book, the author uses the Túpac Amaru rebellion to examine colonial Spanish society on the eve of independence.

4. Americanos: Latin America's Struggle for Independence by John Charles Chasteen. This is an effective, if disjointed, survey of how Latin America gained its independence in the early 19th century.

5. The Paraguayan War and The Road to Armageddon by Thomas L. Whigham. The Paraguayan War is one of those epic conflicts that most people in the north are unforgivably unfamiliar with, which makes Whigham's two volumes on it absolutely necessary reading for understanding its origins, course, and legacy for the region.

6. Blood and Fire: La Violencia in Antioquia, Colombia, 1946-1953 by Mary Roldán. Colombia has a long history of violence that predates the U.S.'s engagement with it in the context of the "war on drugs." By looking at just one period of it, Roldan provides a valuable look at Colombian politics and society.

7. A Lexicon of Terror: Argentina and the Legacies of Torture by Marguerite Feitlowitz. A study of Argentina's "Dirty War" of the late 1970s and early 1980s, this is another book at the crossroads of journalism and history that is likely to stand the test of time.

8. Revolutionizing Motherhood: The Mothers of the Plaza de Mayo by Marguerite Guzman Bouvard. A key factor in the downfall of the generals in Argentina in 1983 was the pressure they faced from families of the people they "disappeared." Bouvard's book offers a superb account of their activism.

The largest empire in history ended less than a century ago, yet the legacy of how it rose and how it fell will impact the world for longer than it existed.  Lawrence James’ chronicles the 400-year long history of The Rise and Fall of the British Empire, from its begins on the eastern seaboard of North American spanning a quarter of the world to the collection of tiny outposts scattered across the globe.

Neither a simple nor a comprehensive history, James looks at the British Empire in the vain of economic, martial, political, and cultural elements not only in Britain but in the colonies as well.  Beginning with the various settlements on the eastern seaboard of North America, James describes the various colonies and latter colonial administrators that made their way from Britain to locations around the globe which would have an impact on attitudes of the Empire over the centuries.  The role of economics in not only the growth the empire but also the Royal Navy that quickly became interdependent and along with the growth of the Empire’s size the same with the nation’s prestige.  The lessons of the American War of Independence not only in terms of military fragility, but also politically influenced how Britain developed the “white” dominions over the coming centuries.  And the effect of the liberal, moralistic bent of the Empire to paternally watch over “lesser” peoples and teach them clashing with the bombast of the late-19^th Century rush of imperialism in the last century of the Empire’s exists and its effects both at home and abroad.

Composing an overview of 400-years of history than spans across the globe and noting the effects on not only Britain but the territories it once controlled was no easy task, especially in roughly 630 pages of text.  James attempted to balance the “positive” and “negative” historiography of the Empire while also adding to it.  The contrast between upper-and upper-middle class Britons thinking of the Empire with that of the working-class Britons and colonial subjects was one of the most interesting narratives that James brought to the book especially in the twilight years of the Empire.  Although it is hard to fault James given the vast swath of history he tackled there were some mythical history elements in his relating of the American War of Independence that makes the more critical reader take pause on if the related histories of India, South Africa, Egypt, and others do not contain similar historical myths.

The Rise and Fall of the British Empire is neither a multi-volume comprehensive history nor a simple history that deals with popular myths of history, it is an overview of how an island nation came to govern over a quarter of the globe through cultural, economic, martial, and political developments.  Lawrence James’s book is readable to both general and critical history readers and highly recommended.

A few weeks ago, I had the pleasure of hearing at a local bookstore the author Stephen L. Carter speak about his paternal grandmother Eunice Huston Carter (1899-1970). Sometime later, after the Q&A session, I had the opportunity to speak with Professor Carter as he autographed my copy of this book.

"INVISIBLE: The Forgotten Story of the Black Woman Lawyer Who Took Down America's Most Powerful Mobster" puts the reader into an era in U.S. history barely half a century behind us, when African Americans were restricted by law and what was accepted custom from realizing their full potential in what was an overtly racist America (Jim Crow segregation). Notwithstanding all that, what I found to be deeply inspirational from reading this book is learning about the life of this most remarkable woman - as well as the lives of her parents (who were both fully engaged social activists; Eunice's father with the YMCA (its 'colored' section) for whom he worked tirelessly both in the U.S. and abroad til his death in 1916 and her mother Addie was a graduate of Boston Latin School, and a college graduate who later served as a teacher and worked with a variety of organizations promoting racial and gender equality til her death in 1943) and younger brother, from whom she became estranged. 

This is a book that would be instructive (as well as inspirational) to any reader who wants to learn about the value of living -- in spite of the obstacles and challenges arrayed against someone because of his/her color and/or gender -- a purposeful, committed life wholly dedicated to advancing socio-economic justice, as well as racial and gender equality.

Born in Texas in 1922, Emiel W. Owens went on to live an extraordinary life as an educator and economic/financial consultant. He shares with the reader his life experiences from growing up under Jim Crow segregation in Texas, through his service in the U.S. Army during World War II with the 777th Field Artillery Battalion (which was engaged in almost constant combat in Europe between October 1944 and V-E Day in May 1945), and his subsequent reassignment to a quartermaster unit that was shipped to the Philippines shortly before the end of the Pacific War.

Owens was honorably discharged from the Army shortly after returning to the U.S. in early 1946. He went on to earn his undergraduate degree at Prairie View A&M University and graduate degrees (a Masters and doctorate) in economics from Ohio State University. He would go on to teach and serve in a variety of educational and consultative endeavors both in the U.S. and abroad.

I very much enjoyed reading this memoir. It is well-written and a rare work, because there are very few memoirs from African American veterans of World War II. That in itself makes "BLOOD ON GERMAN SNOW" a book to treasure.