All the Presidents’ Memories Volume II, provides a glimpse into the character of eight American Presidents who had served served as Generals in the United States military. As in Volume I, through personal memories from their youth, our understanding of each president deepens as we explore how the memories mirror underlying aspects of their personalities; and how those memories may have impacted both their administration and their military principles. By examining the early memories of the Presidents, it is possible to discover how, for example: Andrew Johnson's memory of his early life in poverty functioned as a catalyst for him to initiate bold actions to overcome it. One can see how the wish to gain respect from those who had looked down on him in the memory led to his brashness as the Military Governor of Tennessee with the rank of Brigadier General. Rutherford Hayes's memory of familial harmony, conflict and reconciliation, helped to shape his later identity and actions. They offer a preview of how he would later earn the admiration of his soldiers by treating them as if they were extended members of his own family. Benjamin Harrison's memory of the power of prayer called attention to something inside of him that was longing for inner peace, solitary reflection and spiritual guidance. As a General, Harrison applied the lessons of the memory in promoting a religious and prayerful atmosphere in the camps. Using precise details and enduring themes, these and other early presidential memories foreshadow and shape the future political and military mindsets of these Presidents.