In 2001 the annual conference of the British Archaeological Association was held in Carlisle, a choice that was influenced by the observation that `it is among England's least known cities, as indeed, is the cathedral'. The seventeen papers demonstrate that Hadrian's Wall in the northern reaches of the city was just the first phase of an occupation that has continued unbroken to the present day. Supported throughout by photographs of archaeological sites and buildings, as well as plans and elevations of the cathedral and other structures, the essays examine the archaeological and architectural remains of the city, highlighting in particular stylistic developments and influences over the centuries. Contributors focus on the Roman town of Luguvalium , Roman art, Carlisle Castle, Carlisle's role in the Arthurian legend, the cathedral's Romanesque architecture, its Gothic choir, its stained windows, screen and misericords. Papers also examine late medieval paintings in the city and the architecture of Holm Cultram Abbey.