Chapter three is, "The Bizarre Dominant Ladies Of The Twentieth Century Underground."
This is, without doubt, one of the eras from which many of us have formed our thoughts and beliefs about what Dominatrix work is like and how the profession interacts with society.
Close to the start of the chapter, it tells the situation like it is...
Trying to track these women down in the era prior to fetish magazine publications proves to be a challenging task. Upon retirement, a Dominatrix would typically sell off her equipment and simply disappear. It didn't take long for her name to be taken out of currency, unknown to the apartment's new tenants. No forwarding address was left, nor was a "real" name known by which she could be traced. In fact all that was left behind to show for her former existence was her image and memory in the mind of her colleagues, clients and women who apprenticed under her. Her former equipment and clothing would also often continue in use by those she had passed it on to.
Few avenues are available for researching these early, "bizarre," fetish Dominatricies of the twentieth century. Thankfully, however, fetish magazine editor David Jackson (of DDI Magazine) and Ber Wibo (of Massad Magazine) had met some of these early Dominatricies in the mid-twentieth century, or had heard a lot about their operations through their acquaintances. Recognising the future importance of this material, Jackson put together what he called the "Domina Files."
If the lack of information about working Dominatricies made life difficult, this period was also a time of much fetish photography, so there are a lot of models posing in magazines, etc. and the two were similar, but different. It was also a time where authorities would not only, "bust," working dungeons but the media of the time would see names and pictures splashed across countries in very short order.
One thing I have talked about in other blogs, is that fantasy has to go overboard in order to thrill. It can result in a disparity between fantasy and reality; or perhaps in this case, that should be between fantasy, fantasy and fantasy, reality?
Certainly, the publications of the day likely fed in to the desires of the new customers who didn't really know themselves that well, and would wander in with a page from a fetish magazine, until they learned more about their needs and grew to recognise their own wants.
To give the chapter credit, it does an admirable job spending a few pages on the fetish scene and the publications and artists therein. The worlds of fetish clothing and Dominatrix professions would cross pollinate ideas and designs; so it makes sense to understand how they interacted at this point in time.
It details the working lives of women in the US and the prosecutions faced there and then follows one Dominatrix who became a celebrity through her US prosecution and jail time, as she won her case and then traveled to Europe. The chapter then follows how women were able to dip in and out of the profession as needed, and how times and public attitude changed towards the end of the century.
Close to the end of the chapter, it highlights something which many might not have believed of women in that era...
Women in the mid-twentieth century carved out a career and a craft for themselves, in their choice of professional domination. Not only were they Mistresses in fantasy role-play, but Mistresses of their own lives and careers, at a time in which their choice of occupation was considerably taboo.
These are women who you wouldn't find chained to the kitchen sink! And I think that is an important statement to make, as a repeated emphasis that the Dominatrix is a challenge to the patriarchal society.
Chapter 4 is "The Contemporary Occupation And Arts Of The Dominatrix"
This starts with the artistic experiment and observations as a Dominatrix goes out in the street and has her submissive, in a business suit, don a leather hood and she leads him around on a collar and chain. The goal of this experiment was not so much to record the main players themselves, but the reaction of the various people around them.
Characteristically of Gornik's work, her goal is not (merely) to document, but to capture the essence and experience of the scene through her camera. What is fascinating about the works is that people wear elements of fetish attire as everyday fashion in New York without attracting a second glance. Costume-clad promoters hand out flyers and are part of the place. A "Dominatrix," however, identifiable and recognisable by her atire of shiny black latex and stacked knee-high boots, which (as Gornik put it) visually scream dominance, walking a hooded businessman around on a leash, attracts major attention and reactions.
It goes much further in to the lives, psychology and roles.
There are many stereotypes around Dominatricies, few of which are true. Many may be interested to know that the only real trends that hold true are that Dominatricies tend to be above average in intelligence, open-minded, independent, interested in sexuality and hold strong ideals. In a survey study by sociologist Danielle Lundermann, 39 per cent of New York Dominatricies were found to hold a graduate degree or higher.
That, I can believe. There is far more information in here as to backgrounds, skills, professions that people come in from and out to, and a good number of myths are blown to smitherines by this chapter. It also goes in to apprenticeships, training and reputation.