Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is difficult to diagnose because there are no visible signs or symptoms that specialists can detect through physical exams, imaging scans, or lab testing.

People with IBS are frequently misdiagnosed because their symptoms coincide with those of a variety of other digestive illnesses. Diverticulitis, colon cancer, intestinal blockage, ulcerative colitis, Crohn's disease, gastrointestinal infection, celiac disease, and lactose intolerance are all common causes of IBS.

Because IBS is more typically diagnosed in those under the age of 50, older people must first rule out the possibility that another disease that affects the elderly is causing their symptoms. A doctor will gather information about your medical history, do a physical examination, and request blood tests.

A colonoscopy or sigmoidoscopy should be performed on older people to rule out the risk of colorectal polyps, cancer, or colitis. If your IBS symptoms include primarily diarrhea or an alternating pattern of diarrhea and constipation, you should also have a blood test for celiac disease. If your symptoms increase when you eat dairy products, your doctor may order a lactose intolerance breath test.

To diagnose IBS, two of the following three criteria must be met once your doctor establishes that your abdomen pain is not caused by a physical abnormality:

- Regular bowel motions help to relieve pain.

- Constipation or diarrhea accompany the pain.

- Pain is linked to a change in stool consistency (watery, loose, or pellet-like).

For at least three months, these symptoms must be have been present all of the time or on occasion.

IBS Treatment 

IBS treatment focuses on alleviating the most unpleasant symptoms once it has been diagnosed:

Constipation-predominant IBS

The Food and Drug Administration of the United States approved a new type of prescription drug for constipation-predominant IBS in 2012. In clinical trials, people who took the medicine linaclotide (Linzess) on a daily basis had more spontaneous bowel movements and less abdominal pain than those who took a placebo.

Linaclotide induces the colon to produce higher levels of an enzyme called guanylate cyclase-C, which is thought to speed up gastrointestinal transit and reduce the activity of pain-sensing neurons. Linzess should be taken at least 30 minutes before eating once a day. Diarrhea was the most common side effect documented throughout clinical studies. Patients under the age of 17 should not be given this medication.

The prescription laxative lubiprostone is another option for people suffering from constipation-related IBS (Amitiza). This selective C-2 chloride-channel activator was approved in 2008 and helps increase bowel motions by initiating chloride secretion into the intestine. Nausea, diarrhea, and headaches are major adverse effects of Amitiza, which are taken twice a day.

Antidepressants known as selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), such as fluoxetine (Prozac), can help with abdominal pain and other symptoms associated with constipation-predominant IBS. Food transit speed via the gastrointestinal tract is hypothesized to be increased by SSRIs.

Tegaserod (Zelnorm), a previously approved prescription medicine for women with constipation-predominant IBS, was pulled off the market in 2007 due to dangerous cardiovascular adverse effects and is now only available in emergency cases.

Diarrhea-predominant IBS

Loperamide (Imodium), an over-the-counter antidiarrheal drug, is an effective treatment for reducing stool frequency and improving regularity. On the other hand, it has no effect on abdominal pain or bloating.

By slowing food transit through the gastrointestinal system, low-dose tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs) like desipramine (Norpramin) alleviate pain and symptoms of diarrhea-predominant IBS.

Alosetron (Lotronex), a prescription medicine, has been demonstrated to alleviate symptoms in women with diarrhea-predominant IBS, but it comes with a risk of major side effects, such as severe constipation and decreased blood supply to the colon. It is only given to women with severe diarrhea-predominant IBS who have failed to respond to more standard medications through a unique prescription program.

Constipation/diarrhea-predominant IBS

Psychological therapies, such as cognitive-behavioral therapy, dynamic psychotherapy, and hypnosis, have also been shown to provide some relief with IBS symptoms, whether they are constipation- or diarrhea-predominant.

Mindfulness training, a type of meditation defined by the nonjudgmental observation of thoughts, feelings, and sensations, has been shown to help persons with IBS reduce symptom severity and enhance the quality of life.

Global brain tumor diagnosis and therapeutics market size are anticipated to reach USD 773.1 million by 2025. A brain tumor could be defined as an uncontrolled and abnormal proliferation of cells in the brain. The factors that propel the growth of the brain tumor diagnosis and therapeutics industry include increasing requirement of treatment for symptoms related to brain metastasis, advancement in R&D technologies, increased occurrence of cancer that spread to the brain, discoveries in novel drug transfer to brain tumor cells, increasing the competence of diagnosis, increasing awareness among population.

On the other hand, there are factors that could hamper the growth of the market including side effects associated with the chemotherapy and high cost of treatment. Brain tumor diagnosis & therapeutics market are anticipated to expand at a significant CAGR of 8.1% in the upcoming period as the scope, product types, and its applications are increasing across the globe.

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Brain tumor diagnosis and therapeutics industry could be explored by product type, diagnostic type, treatment type, end user, and geography. The industry could be explored by product type as Secondary Brain Tumor and Primary Brain Tumor (Gliomas, Meningioma, Pituitary Tumors, Astrocytoma’s and Others). The “Secondary Brain Tumor” segment led the brain tumor diagnosis and therapeutics market in 2017 and is anticipated to maintain its dominance by 2025. The key factors that may be attributed to the growth of market includes an increase in brain tumor incidences and CNS-related cancers in regions.  Based on diagnostic type, the brain tumor diagnosis and therapeutics industry could span EEG, MRI, Molecular Testing, CT Scan, PET-CT Scan, and Others. The “CT Scan” segment led the brain tumor diagnosis & therapeutics market in 2016 and is anticipated to maintain its dominance by 2025. The market could be explored based on treatment type as Immunotherapy, Surgery, Targeted Therapy, Radiation Therapy, and Chemotherapy. The “Chemotherapy” segment led the brain tumor diagnosis & therapeutics industry in 2017 and is anticipated to maintain its dominance by 2025. The key factor that may be attributed to the growth of the market include the presence of a huge research pipeline by the industry players. The market could be explored by the end user as Individual Pharmacies, Hospital Pharmacies, and Ambulatory Surgical Centers.

North America accounted for the major market share of the brain tumor diagnosis and therapeutics in 2016 and will continue to lead in the forecast period. The factors that could be attributed to the growth include established healthcare infrastructure coupled with increasing consciousness regarding progressive technologies amongst the population in this region. Furthermore, increasing consumer disposable income supported by healthcare reimbursement and insurance policies in the U.S. is anticipated to spur development. North America is followed by the European region owing to growing government initiatives and increasing brain tumor cases.

Some of the key players that fuel the growth of the brain tumor diagnosis and therapeutics market comprise Bristol Myers Squibb, Genentech U.S.A, AstraZeneca plc, Hoffmann- La Roche, Pfizer, Inc., Antisense Pharma, Novartis AG, Dr. Reddy's Laboratories Ltd, Macleods Pharmaceutical Limited, Merck & Co, and Mankind Pharma. The leading companies are taking up partnerships, mergers and acquisitions, and joint ventures in order to boost the inorganic growth of the industry.

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Back to school anxiety

Going back to school in September can be a stressful time under normal circumstances. This year, since the outbreak of the Coronavirus pandemic, we can only expect an increase in anxiety not only in students but teachers, parents, and even grandparents.
With constant changes and constant updates to the rules and regulations, things seem a little unstable and far from usual for sure. So what can we do to support each other and get through these turbulent times to reduce back-to-school anxiety?

1. Get your fears out in the open. Packing things makes them worse. Talk about how you feel and any concerns you may have. You are not alone with these thoughts, most of your friends will likely experience the same feelings.
2. Discuss and focus on the benefits of returning to school such as meeting old friends, and how routine can be beneficial for your mental health and learning new things.
3. Establish a new routine. A routine is comfort for young and old. Things may not be the same as they were in pre-shutdown, but overall, it only takes a few days to get into the swing of things and put a new pattern in place. It should get easier after the first few days.
4. be ready. Make sure you have everything you need ready in advance and reduce the anxiety of the first day by meeting a friend and going together.
5. The day before you come back, take a run. Wake up on time, eat a balanced breakfast, take a shower, and get dressed. Just running through the routine will again break you into swinging things gently. It will also remind you of the time it takes to get ready without rushing and causing more stress.

Remember, anxiety is a normal response and can be beneficial for us when we need to respond to danger. So, instead of reading the signs as being under threat, think of them as helping you and preparing your body and mind for action.

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