• Systolic pressure – the pressure at which blood is pumped out of the heart.
• Diastolic pressure – the pressure created when the heart rests between beats.

Symptoms

• Headache
• Nausea
• Dizziness
• Blurred vision
• Nose bleed
• Breathlessness
• Heart palpitations

• Pregnant
• Menopause
• Birth control pills

Causes

• Primary (essential) hypertension develops in adults over the years. There are no identifiable causes of primary hypertension.
• Secondary hypertension is caused by an underlying condition. Various conditions and medication can contribute to secondary hypertension
  • Obstructive sleep apnea
  • Kidney problem
  • Adrenal gland tumor
  • Congenital blood vessel defects
  • Medications

•  Age – The risks of hypertension increases as you grow older. Men after 64 and women after 65 tend to develop hypertension.
• High blood pressure tends to run in families
• Being overweight or obese can increase the risks of hypertension.
• Lack of physical activity
• Dietary habits
• Drinking and smoking.
• Stress
• Chronic health conditions such as diabetes.

Diagnosis

• Normal blood pressure is below  120/80 mm of Hg
• Elevated blood pressure is systolic 120-129 mm and diastolic below 80 mm
• Stage 1 hypertension Systolic ranges 130-139 mm and diastolic 80-89 mm
• Stage 2 hypertension systolic higher than 140 mm and diastolic 90 mm

• Urine test
• Blood tests at home which include cholesterol tests
• Electrocardiogram to measure the electrical activity of your heart

Treatment

Ayurvedic approach

• Congested and runny nose
• Dry cough
• Sore throat
• Sneezing
• Fever
• Wheezing

• Crowded places where you may encounter an infected person.
• Adults with asthma, heart problems, and lung diseases.
• People with a low immune system.
• Premature babies or with infants under 6 months.
• Exposure to other children in daycare or school.

• Blood tests at home to check CBC (complete blood count) to test white cell count or to test for bacteria, viruses or any other infection.
• Chest x-ray to look for a lung infection.
• A swab of secretions from inside the mouth or nose to check for signs of the virus
• Pulse oximetry to detect oxygen levels in the blood.

• Wash your hands frequently
• Limit your infant or child’s exposure to sick people. Don’t send your sick child or infant to school or daycare.
• Keep countertops in your kitchen and bathroom clean. Dispose of used tissue immediately.
• Avoid sharing cups and drinking glasses.
• Wash your child’s toys regularly.

World Cancer Day is organized by the Union for International Cancer control and is celebrated on 4th February is aimed at raising awareness in the international community to end the injustice of those needless suffering from cancer.  World cancer day aims to raise awareness and reduce misconceptions and stigma associated with the disease.  Cancer is the second leading causing of death globally.

The theme selected for 2020 is “I can and I will” stresses that all of us can act in the face of cancer. This year World Cancer Day celebrates its 20th Anniversary, the rising cases of cancer worldwide have made the discussion more significant.

What is Cancer?

Cancer occurs when there are changes in a group of cells in your body leading to abnormal growth forming a lump also called tumors. All types of cancers other than leukemia (cancer of the blood) start with a tumor. If left untreated tumors can grow and spread to adjoining tissues or other parts of the body through your lymphatic system and bloodstream.

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Tumors can be broadly classified into three groups:-

• Benign tumors are not cancerous and rarely threaten life.  They tend to grow slowly and do not spread to other parts of the body.
• Malignant tumors are cancerous. They grow faster than benign tumors and can spread and destroy surrounding tissues. Malignant tumors can break and spread to other parts of the body, the process is called metastasis.
• Precancer tumors are tumors that may develop into cancer.

There are five main types of cancers:-

• Carcinoma Cancer
• Sarcoma cancer
• Lymphoma and Myeloma
• Leukemia
• Brain and spinal cord cancer.

Cancer is caused by a combination of environmental, genetic or lifestyle factors. The use of tobacco and tobacco products remains the leading cause of cancer. Tobacco use has been linked to many types of cancer such as lung cancer, larynx cancer, and stomach cancer.

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World Cancer Day is observed by the global cancer community, governments, and individuals around the world. Every year events and activities are organized around the world.  Every year 9.6 million people die from the dreaded disease according to estimates this number may increase to 13.2 million by 2030. 

Cancer cases are rising in India. According to leading oncologists in the country, the top three cancers in the country are breast cancer, cervical cancer, and oral cancer. According to the National Cancer Registry Program over 1300 Indians die every day because of cancer.

Statistics also show the greatest increase in cancer has been in low and middle-income countries where resources to cope with the disease is smaller. Some of these deaths are preventable by increased government support to increase funding for prevention, detection, and treatment programs.

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India has formulated the National cancer control program. The program aims to control tobacco-related cancers, early diagnosis, and treatment of cervical cancer and breast cancer. The program also aims to provide pain and palliative care by increasing the health infrastructure

Experts in India say tackling cancer must have a two-pronged approach –

• Promoting healthy lifestyle habits – obesity, smoking, excessive drinking increases the risks of the disease.  Exercise and a healthy balanced diet lower the risks.
• Prevention and early detection by use of HPV vaccination, regular health-checkups, regular pap smears for women between 35-64 years and self-examination of the breasts can help early detection of breast cancer.

Governments in India hope to set up diagnostic facilities across the country for early detection and to provide minimal treatment.  The government hopes to set up a regional cancer center for the treatment of cancer.

2019 was an eventful year for India. Some important highlights included the ban e-cigarettes to the World Health Organization’s (WHO) report on global activeness. 

• The World Health Organization (WHO) wanted to highlight the importance of physical activity among adolescent children worldwide. A study published by the organization found that 80% of adolescent children (85% girls and 78% of boys) did not meet the recommended one hour of daily physical activity.

Indian children fared better (72% of Indian adolescent boys and 76% of Indian girls were found to inadequately active).

The statistic is still worrying insufficient physical activity weakened the present and future health of adolescents in the county.

Physical inactive increased the risk of lifestyle diseases such as hypertension, diabetes, and a higher risk of coronary heart disease. 

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The trend that girls are less physically active than boys is also worrying. Socio-economic factors of adolescent girls being more involved in housework could explain the trend.

Similar studies conducted in India showed that students from government-run schools tend to be more active than children going to private schools. Obesity was also higher in private schools.

• Climate change became a worldwide issue in 2019. The ill-effects of climate change and global warming cannot be ruled out. The Lancet Journal published an article in November last year that Indian children will be more susceptible to climate change – air quality may worsen, food will be more expensive due to inflation, and infectious diseases may increase. 

Indian Journal of Medical Research indicated climate change may see an increase in vector-borne diseases (malaria and dengue) and water-borne diseases (cholera and diarrhea). Weather patterns influence the spread of infectious diseases.

Health issues due to extreme weather patterns are also expected to rise. Injury, death, and post-traumatic stress disorders are expected to increase from catastrophic climatic events such as floods and cyclones.

Long term drought and water scarcity are also said to increase – this will impact hygiene and sanitation, increased exposure to dust and heat, and deterioration in mental health.

A new term environmental refugee can put an increased burden on the stretched medical resources in the country.

• In November last year, Indian doctors broke a world record for surgically taking out the world’s largest kidney weighing an astounding 7.4 kg from a Delhi resident. A normal kidney weighs around 120-150 grams. The patient suffered from a disease called autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD). The condition caused cysts to grow in the kidney leading to renal failure. The surgery took place at the Ganga Ram Hospital in the capital. 

• The parliament passed the Prohibition of Electronic Cigarettes in India in 2019. The ban meant manufacture, import, export, and consumption of e-cigarettes was banned. According to the Union Health Minister, the harmful effect of e-cigarettes was well-known. There were chances it could become a bigger menace than regular tobacco products. The government wanted to proactively ban it. 

E-cigarettes were first promoted as a way to help people quit tobacco. But there is no evidence that it has helped people stop smoking.

A study in 2018 found smoking e-cigarettes daily increased the risk of heart attack by 79%. E-cigarettes used nicotine solvent linked to cancers and diseases of the lungs, heart, and brains.

• In December the World Economic Forum published its annual Global Gender Gap report. The report showed India’s rank slipped by 4 places to 112 ranks. The Gender Gap report is calculated on 4 parameters:- health, education, economy, and politics. It is a measure of a women’s disadvantage.

This widening gender gap affected women’s well-being, survival, and economic involvement.

Indian women’s mortality was affected by poor nutrition, inadequate primary health centers, poor reproductive health, and discrimination.

• Intramural fibroids are the most common grow on the uterus wall.
• Subserosal fibroids project outside the uterus.
• Submucosal fibroids protrude into the uterine cavity.

• Heavy bleeding during periods that can be painful
• Menstrual cycles lasting longer than a week
• Pain in the pelvis and lower back
• Frequent need to urinate
• Pain during sexual intercourse
• Complication during pregnancy

• Genetic abnormalities in the uterus.
• Hormonal changes in the body – Estrogen and progesterone are hormones produced in your ovaries. These hormones help create the lining during menstruation and can stimulate fibroids.
• Genetic – Uterine fibroids run in some families.
• Pregnancy – Your estrogen and progesterone level increase during pregnancy. Uterine Fibroids may develop and grow while you are pregnant.

• Imaging tests such as ultrasonogram and MRI
• Saline sonohystergram is a vaginal sonogram which is performed by putting fluid into the uterus. The expanded uterine cavity provides a better view of the fibroids growing in the uterus.
• Blood tests at home to rule out other potential causes for the symptoms.

• Laparoscopy   a tiny incision is made near or on your navel and a thin flexible wire with a camera is inserted. This allows them to view the uterus.
• Hysteroscopy the thin flexible wire is entered through the vagina and cervix. 

• Medication – The gynecologist near me may prescribe over the counter pain medication to deal with the pain and iron supplement if you are anemic. Birth control medication may control the symptoms. Hormonal medication that helps control the estrogen and progesterone levels can help shrink fibroids. Some medicines may have side effects you need to discuss this with your gynecologist in Surat.
• Surgery – Severe fibroids may not respond to medical treatment. Some common surgeries performed by the best gynecologists in Surat are:-
  • Myomectomy is done to remove fibroids from the uterus.
  • Hysterectomy is the partial or complete removal of your uterus. This is an extreme measure done when the fibroid is very large or there is excessive bleeding.
  • Endometrial ablation is done by removing uterus lining. The procedure is done using laser, heat, or electric current.
  • Myolysis a needle inserted into the fibroid during laparoscopy.
  • Uterine Fibroid Embolization or Uterine artery embolization is done by cutting off blood supply to fibroid. The fibroid will eventually shrink and die. During the procedure, embolic agents are injected into the arteries supplying blood to the uterus.