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In the development of automobiles, people have been constantly exploring and progressing along the two major topics of vehicle operation economy and emissions. The economics of automobile operation mainly refer to the fuel consumption of the automobile, the engine life and the maintenance cost of the automobile. The comprehensive application of these new technology products is of great significance to save fuel, improve the economics of vehicle operation, and improve the atmospheric environment. This article expounds the development of gasoline engine vehicles and its new requirements for fuel oil from the above aspects. Increasing the engine compression ratio and reducing fuel consumption, the automotive gasoline is moving towards high-grade lead-free. The compression ratio is the ratio of the total volume of the engine cylinder to the volume of the combustion chamber. Increasing the engine compression ratio can not only increase the power of the gasoline engine, but also reduce fuel consumption.

Especially leaded gasoline, sulfur-containing benzene aromatic hydrocarbons and gasoline with a large amount of olefins have brought more and more serious pollution to the atmospheric environment. Therefore, controlling automobile emissions and protecting the atmospheric environment have become the common voice of mankind. In the early days, the octane number of straight-run gasoline could not meet the compression ratio requirements of modern gasoline engine cars. At present, high-octane gasoline is mainly obtained through the process equipment technology of secondary processing. The octane number of gasoline produced by various process equipment technologies in the refinery. The relationship between increasing gasoline octane value and additional capital construction investment in Western Europe is described. The determination of the octane number of the research method of the octane number is to increase the gasoline octane number. In addition to the secondary processing technology and equipment, adding antiknock agent to gasoline to increase the gasoline octane number is another important way. Using lead to increase gasoline octane number used to be a low cost, good effect and convenient method. However, the lead discharged into the atmosphere by the burning of automobiles is harmful to human health. It damages the nervous system of the human body, resulting in high blood pressure and cardiovascular diseases. At the same time, lead will also poison the precious metals such as germanium and other oxygen sensors in the EFI car and platinum in the three-way catalytic converter.

Therefore, while automotive gasoline is advancing to high grades, it must be lead-free. Therefore, while people have been exploring how to improve the economics of automobiles for a long time, research on how to control automobile exhaust emissions and protect the atmospheric environment has been mentioned as an important and urgent schedule. At present, countries around the world have set strict emission standards for automobiles to control the emission of pollutants. In the 1960s, the emission standards for automobiles in the United States were wider. In the 1970s, by improving engines and using oxidized exhaust gas converters, the emission standards for pollutants were gradually and strictly controlled. In the 1980s, the exhaust gas three-effect converter was adopted to further improve the engine and use new formula gasoline. The exhaust gas emission standards were more stringent. To this end, the State Technical Supervision Bureau has recently issued new vehicle emission standards. The standard basically follows the European standard system. Take the light-duty vehicle as an example of the emission standard. The implementation of this standard must use a closed-loop electronically controlled direct injection engine to install an exhaust three-way catalytic converter and use unleaded clean gasoline. Automobile gasoline must be lead-free tetraethyl lead is an excellent anti-knock agent, but it is extremely harmful to the environment, the poisoning of the human body, and the three-way catalyst of the oxygen sensor in the vehicle. Therefore, vehicle gasoline must be lead-free. Compared with economically developed countries, the unleaded automobile gasoline in my country started late, but the development rate is amazing. Optimizing the structure of gasoline components and increasing the application of oxygenated fuels To achieve the unleaded use of automotive gasoline, it is necessary to adjust and optimize the structure of gasoline components and increase the application of oxygenated fuels. This is to further improve the quality of gasoline products and meet modern engines. Automobile demand and the main goal of improving automobile exhaust emissions. In gasoline composition, sulfur content is a compelling ingredient. Therefore, reducing the sulfur content in gasoline is the direction of continuous efforts in oil refining and processing. In the composition of gasoline, benzene and aromatic hydrocarbons have good antiknock properties. It is not easy to burn completely, and it is easy to generate carbon deposits. Gasoline with high benzene and aromatics content will increase nitrogen oxides in combustion emissions, as well as photochemical reactants. Olefin is relatively lively, and it is easy to produce deposits in the intake valve of the fuel injection nozzle of the engine at high temperature. In order to strictly control the emission of harmful substances from automobile exhaust, generally, people strictly limit the content of sulfur benzene aromatic hydrocarbons and olefins in the gasoline composition.

Compared with the explosion resistance of benzene aromatics, some oxygenated fuels can be used as high-octane components of gasoline. They have a high octane number, and after adding gasoline, they can reduce the neutralization of emissions. At the same time, it improves the emission of automobile exhaust. The University of California study found that the benefits of adding gasoline to car emissions are not much, but the danger to human health is great. At present, this California practice is still controversial in the United States. The author believes that in my country, there has not been any obvious negative impact. For a period of time to come, it will remain an important high-octane component of my country's unleaded automotive gasoline. Installing the three-way catalytic converter for the purification device outside the machine As early as 20 years ago, the United States has installed three-way catalytic converters on automobiles. At present, new cars abroad use three-way catalytic converters. The Knowledge Garden transforms the three harmful substances in the exhaust of the car at the same time. At the same time, when the catalyst is oxidized to Wuhelong, it is reduced by the knife to the Hehe converted, and the emission of harmful substances in the exhaust gas can be reduced by more than 95. Because the catalyst of the three-way converter contains several precious metals (platinum and germanium are susceptible to the poison of lead and other heavy metals, cars equipped with catalytic converters must use unleaded gasoline. The development of closed-loop electronically controlled direct injection vehicles and lead-free cleaning The application of gasoline Today, the outstanding feature of the development of automotive technology is that electronic technology enters the engine control system of the car. It has important significance for improving the running performance of the vehicle, saving fuel, and improving the emission protection environment. As early as the 1950s, electronically controlled direct injection gasoline engines were first It came out on the plane at the time to solve the problem of ensuring engine speed and power in the air-thin condition. After that, electronic technology in the car started from controlling the ignition advance angle and gradually expanded to almost the entire engine work control. Now began to apply and In the continuing development of electronic systems, there are electronic control systems that optimize economy and emissions, electronic control systems for fuel cut-off, electronic injection systems, multi-point injection electronic systems, continuous injection electronic systems, electronic ignition systems, and adjustment of engine functions.

Adaptive electronic system, exhaust gas recirculation electronic control system, intake and exhaust electronic control system, cooling electronic control system, etc. In addition, electronic technology and timing cover manufacturers has also entered the driving operating system, and the microprocessor has become an important assistant for the driver. It can Report to the driver at any time the parameters such as oil temperature, water temperature, fuel margin, travel at the current speed and the time required to reach the destination. Because the closed-loop electronically controlled direct injection engine adopts micro-digital electronic technology, it promotes the operating parameters of the car The collection and the working conditions are tightly controlled, so that the computer can be operated in an optimized state under all working conditions. Undoubtedly, under the guidance of the sustainable development strategy, electronically controlled direct injection gasoline engine cars will soon be replaced.

Car engine type car. Compared with carburettor type cars, closed-loop EFI vehicles have higher requirements for fuel oil. Not only must gasoline be lead-free, but also the content of sulfur aromatic hydrocarbon benzene olefins in its composition is strictly limited In addition to this, gasoline detergent must be added to gasoline to keep the engine fuel system (including the fuel injection nozzle combustion chamber) clean. Therefore, we must accelerate the technological progress of the production of lead-free clean gasoline , On the basis of the deep stabilization of catalytic cracking gasoline, catalytic reforming alkylation and M production, continue to develop promising production technologies for lead-free clean gasoline, such as the reduction of gasoline olefin technology, light gasoline deep etherification, benzene fraction addition Hydrogen saturation hydrodesulfurization several isomerization and so on.

Right Girl, Wrong Timing
Natalie Decker
(Offsides, #3)
Published by: Swoon Romance
Publication date: March 12th 2019
Genres: Contemporary, Young Adult

Adaline Frost’s life officially sucks. Now that her BFF has found her true love, Addy is constantly stuck being the third wheel. On top of that, she hasn’t started her junior project yet, so her advisor pairs her up with what could only be described as the “Reject Breakfast Club.” Instead of the weirdo and the troublemaker, Addy is forced to work with two stoners, a popular girl, and her crush, Austin Reed, the jock who broke her heart.

Austin Reed is sick of being labeled “dumb jock.” If he doesn’t get an A on this project, he can kiss his future goodbye. Austin thought he’d gotten lucky being partners with the very nerdy Adaline Frost, but boy was he wrong. Addy jumps down his throat about his being late and calls him names like “manwhore” on the daily. She has no idea Austin works before and after school in order to help his mom with the bills. Yeah, he’s made mistakes and has had lots of girlfriends, but he doesn’t need Adaline Frost to remind him of it every time he sees her.

Can Austin and Addy ever be a thing?

 

Right Girl Wrong Timing is book 3 in the Offsides series by Natalie Decker.

Goodreads / Amazon

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EXCERPT:

I’m about to go forward and talk to her, but I divert from that plan as soon as I see Greg stepping up next to her. He’s blocking her from my view with his douchiness.

She said they weren’t dating at the dance. That was weeks ago, so why the hell is he still hanging around her? Why are his fingers clasping wisps of her hair? He shouldn’t be touching her.

This feeling is not sitting right with me at all. Fact is, I’ve never been jealous. Have I been a little envious of the people who go here recently? Maybe. I mean, a few months ago I used to be just like them. New clothes, shoes, going to parties, not having a care in the world. Then my mom lost her awesome job at the hospital due to cuts, Dad left, and shit just went downhill. Now, I have to make sure my mom and I don’t get kicked out of the dump we live in or have anything shut off because of the lack of funds. I’ve never been jealous of a guy dating a girl I was interested in, though. Until Adaline, and I swear this is going to be a problem. It’s already cost me my childhood home. I can’t afford to lose any more.

My fingernails dig into my palm as my hands ball into fists at my sides while I watch Adaline tip back her head and laugh. I need to get a grip. I’m losing it. This shouldn’t bother me. In fact, I shouldn’t even give a shit that they’re hanging out. Adaline and I can’t be anything.

Author Bio:

Natalie Decker is the author of RIVAL LOVE series and the Scandalous Boys series. She loves oceans, sunsets, sand between her toes, and carefree days. Her imagination is always going, which some find odd. But she believes in seeing the world in a different light at all times. Her first passion for writing started at age twelve when she had to write a poem for English class. However, seventh grade wasn't her favorite time and books were her source of comfort. She took all college prep classes in High school, and attended the University of Akron. Although she studied Mathematics she never lost her passion for writing or her comfort in books. She's a mean cook in the kitchen, loves her family and friends and her awesome dog infinity times infinity. If she's not writing, reading, traveling, hanging out with her family and friends, then she's off having an adventure. Because Natalie believes in a saying: Your life is your own journey, so make it amazing!

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Stefan Joss just can’t win. Not only does he have to go to Texas in the middle of summer to be the man of honor in his best friend Charlotte’s wedding, but he’s expected to negotiate a million-dollar business deal at the same time. Worst of all, he’s thrown for a loop when he arrives to see the one man Charlotte promised wouldn’t be there: her brother, Rand Holloway.

Stefan and Rand have been mortal enemies since the day they met, so Stefan is shocked when a temporary cease-fire sees the usual hostility replaced by instant chemistry. Though leery of the unexpected feelings, Stefan is swayed by a sincere revelation from Rand, and he decides to give Rand a chance.

But their budding romance is threatened when Stefan’s business deal goes wrong: the owner of the last ranch he needs to secure for the company is murdered. Stefan’s in for the surprise of his life as he finds himself in danger as well.